Exhaustion
Fatigue and underperformance in athletes:
the overtraining syndrome
By Richard Budgett
When athletes fail to recover from training they become progressively fatigued and suffer from prolonged underperformance. They may also suffer from frequent minor infections (particularly respiratory infections). In the absence of any other medical cause, this is often called the overtraining syndrome, burnout, staleness, or
chronic fatigue in athletes. The condition is secondary to the stress of training but the exact cause and pathophysiology is not known. Many factors may lead to failure to recover from training or competition...
The correct balance for each individual between training programme, diet, rest and mental state are essential for athletes. Knowing your genetic make up can provide some guidance on your body’s innate strengths, weaknesses, training schedule and diet.
Causes
By Rob Hobson
Diet has a vital role in the success of endurance athletes, but there is no such thing as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach when developing a nutrition strategy.
Some, however, swear by following a ketogenic diet to improve endurance. Here, we look into the why and the how…
Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation induced by near-infrared laser
University of Austin at Texas
Photobiomodulation therapy has emerged as an effective non-invasive strategy to attenuate fatigue and muscle damage when applied before different types of exercises.
Evidence has shown that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) prior to exercise can be used as a tool to attenuate fatigue in humans following strength and aerobic exercises (Borsa et al., 2013; Leal-Junior et al., 2013; Ferraresi et al., 2016; Rossato et al., 2017; Dellagrana et al., 2018a, b; Lanferdini et al., 2018a, b; Vanin et al., 2018). Moreover, it has recently been reported that PBMT reduced fatigue and facilitated faster recovery in another combat sport (i.e., Brazilian jiu-jitsu) (Araújo et al., 2017; Follmer et al., 2018). In summary, PBMT-related muscle fatigue attenuation mechanisms involve factors such as absorption of photons by chromophores and subsequent transduction of light energy into chemical energy within the cytoplasmic organelles (Reddy, 2004). In addition, increases in permeability and consequent transport by the cytoplasmic membrane have been observed (Klebanov et al., 2001), improving activity of oxidative enzymes associated with the IV complex (Oxidase C Cytochrome) (Silveira et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2011), and increased mitochondrial size and number (Manteǐfel and Karu, 2005). Considering muscle damage symptoms, several human trials have reported the benefits of applying PBMT prior to exercise to attenuate damage markers, such as delayed onset muscle soreness, strength impairments, and/or echo intensity increases (Baroni et al., 2010a; Antonialli et al., 2014; dos Reis et al., 2014; Fritsch et al., 2016). PBMT acts by reducing fatigue, as abovementioned, leading to improved ATP production and delaying cellular acidosis and its negative effect on cell metabolism (Hayworth et al., 2010; Karu, 2010). A reduction in reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress have also been observed, resulting in an anti-inflammatory action, which is related to muscle damage (Liu et al., 2009).
Athletes require attenuation of fatigue to maintain physical performance for longer periods, supporting high loads during training, high-intensity actions during competition, and reducing the risks of injuries (Abd-Elfattah et al., 2015; Takito et al., 2019). Moreover, they require attenuated muscle damage following training sessions and matches to accelerate recovery, which may result in maintenance of physical performance for the following sessions/matches (Nicol et al., 1996; Horita et al., 1999; Howatson and Van Someren, 2008). Therefore, PBMT may be an effective tool to attenuate judo athletes’ exercise-related fatigue and muscle damage in high-intensity efforts, as observed in judo matches and training sessions, maintaining performance and accelerating muscular recovery. Distinct sports can elicit different types of training-related physiological adaptations that are associated with their specificity, which could affect the athletes’ responses to PBMT. Although PBMT has been demonstrated to be effective for several sports and exercise modalities (Borsa et al., 2013; Leal-Junior et al., 2013; Ferraresi et al., 2016; Rossato et al., 2017; Dellagrana et al., 2018a, b; Lanferdini et al., 2018a, b; Vanin et al., 2018)…